2014遠(yuǎn)東大會(huì)特邀報(bào)告

運(yùn)用無(wú)損評(píng)估技術(shù)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)完整性管理

克里斯丁·鮑勒

薩爾大學(xué)無(wú)損檢測(cè)與質(zhì)量保障首席教授

弗朗霍菲無(wú)損檢測(cè)研究所所長(zhǎng)（薩爾布呂肯/德累斯頓）

Managing StructuralIntegrity through Non-Destructive Evaluation

Christian Boller

Chair of NDT & Quality Assurance, SaarlandUniversity, Saarbrücken/Germany

Fraunhofer IZFP, Saarbrücken/Germany

結(jié)構(gòu)完整性在工程領(lǐng)域具有舉足輕重的地位。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，如果沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)完整性管理,工程質(zhì)量安全將得不到根本保障。不論是設(shè)計(jì)還是制造行業(yè)，恰當(dāng)?shù)馁|(zhì)量保障都是必須的。在制造和裝配工序中運(yùn)用無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)（NDT），已經(jīng)取得了顯著成果。而NDT并不局限于制造和裝配工藝中的缺陷檢測(cè)，它也廣泛適用于如壓力、強(qiáng)度、硬度、空隙、濕度、密度等物理參量的檢測(cè)，甚至能達(dá)到微觀量級(jí)。目前隨著低成本、高性能傳感技術(shù)的普及以及對(duì)工程結(jié)構(gòu)性能的需求日益提升，NDT技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為檢驗(yàn)制造品質(zhì)的主要技術(shù)方法。在生產(chǎn)-裝配作業(yè)鏈中，NDT的存在并非總是顯而易見(jiàn)，因?yàn)镹DT技術(shù)工藝已經(jīng)完全融入其中，作為一種物理控制參數(shù)成為制造過(guò)程中不可或缺的組成部分。

   隨著時(shí)間的推移，在役的工程結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)出現(xiàn)老化并導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷。這個(gè)老化過(guò)程是不可避免的，具有一定的隨機(jī)性，必須對(duì)它進(jìn)行有效管理，確保結(jié)構(gòu)的安全性不受影響。此前不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的損傷累積評(píng)判、結(jié)構(gòu)老化跟蹤研究，如今借助成本不斷降低、計(jì)算能力逐漸增強(qiáng)的新型傳感器技術(shù)都得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。在NDT技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合其他預(yù)測(cè)方法和工具，結(jié)構(gòu)的老化過(guò)程已能夠被預(yù)測(cè)。這將有助于“獨(dú)立的”評(píng)估一個(gè)工程結(jié)構(gòu)的壽命，同時(shí)也為管理這些工程結(jié)構(gòu)的狀態(tài)修和工作壽命優(yōu)化提供了可能。

   基于所述問(wèn)題，本報(bào)告將闡述不同材料結(jié)構(gòu)的NDT運(yùn)用管理，從目前廣為人知的金屬材料開(kāi)始，逐漸過(guò)渡至纖維（如碳纖維）復(fù)合材料、礦物材料（如混泥土）。雖然目前對(duì)礦物材料的損傷機(jī)理所知不多，但可以應(yīng)用金屬領(lǐng)域一些相似的損傷容限原理，同時(shí)最近的新興NDT檢測(cè)技術(shù)也以期被有效利用。

Structuralintegrity is paramount in the engineering profession. Without this not beingguaranteed there is no justification for engineering at all. For whatever isdesigned or built the appropriate quality has therefore to be warranted.This is significantly achieved through non-destructive testing (NDT) beingapplied in the manufacturing and assembly process. NDT is not limited todetecting flaws during a manufacturing and assembly process only. Stresses andstrength, hardness, porosity, humidity or density are parameters widelyconsidered by NDT too and this even down to the micro scale. The ability ofobtaining sensor technology at a decreasing cost and the ambition in enhancingan engineering structure’s performance has allowed NDT to become a majorelement in certifying manufacturing quality. This may not always becomeapparent along the manufacturing and assembly process chain since many of theNDT procedures have even become a part within the manufacturing process itselfin a way that NDT parameters are used as a physical control parameter duringthe manufacturing process.

Engineering structures in operationare due to age and hence to damage over time. This is an unavoidable process ofa stochastic nature that has to be managed such that safety of those structuresis never compromised. Again enhanced and emerging sensor technology provided ata continuous decrease in cost and being combined with an increase in computationpower does allow damage accumulation and hence ageing of structures to betracked in a way this has never been possible before. With additionalprognostic methods and tools ageing processes of structures can be predicted onthe basis of NDT techniques. This can help to ‘individually’ assess anengineering structure’s life, which opens opportunities to manage thosestructures’ maintenance on condition and to optimize their usage in terms ofoperational life at the same time.

Based on those management issues thepresentation will address structures made of different types of materialsstarting with metals as the material being known best at present and graduallymoving over to composite materials of a fibrous (i.e. CFRP) as well as amineral (i.e. concrete) basis, where the damaging mechanisms are less known butthe principle of damage tolerance can be applied similar to metals in caseadequate advantage of recent and emerging NDT technology can be taken.